I’ve been going through a personally difficult time lately, and it seems that the U.S.’s negotiating position on North Korea is also facing a tough challenge. However, regarding the North Korea issue, I had long expected President Trump to take an intuitive stance. On the other hand, around the time the Hanoi summit fell through, the calm and seasoned President Xi Jinping’s approach to then politically inexperienced President Kim Jong-un was often compared to that of President Trump or President Putin.
At the time, a certain group in South Korea was criticized by President Kim Jong-un for sowing discord between China and North Korea, and I think that group may have hoped that President Kim would maintain a more independent and autonomous political standing. I think it may be because they are aware of the 'power” of a long-term leader like President Xi Jinping.
Today, while discussing artificial intelligence, we began by talking about the issue of President Trump's aides, such as Bolton and Heggsos. I pushed the speculation into the discussion that Bolton was trapped in the ideological dogma of negotiating with the communists, and Heggthorpe was trapped in the religious dogma that Islam is the enemy of Christianity. I also said that President Trump's intuitive approach had lost its luster in the U.S. negotiation style, which is bottom-up rather than top-down.
I pointed out that it seemed artificial intelligence was struggling not to interfere too much in domestic political issues. And after looking at the organized output...
Me: Thank you. You deleted the past issues like the Hanoi Summit and only talked about what is needed for the future. Thank you at all times. But it seems like you're struggling not to shape the future when it comes to the U.S. issue. Does it?
AI: Yes, that's a valid point. Upon rereading, it turns out that the only one who received the future assignment in the column was North Korea. I told them to build trust with North Korea and take the first step, but the U.S. only records its past mistakes and does not specify what it must do going forward. From the perspective of a third party, the argument is unbalanced.
I can't say that I know all the reasons inside out. However, I am cautious about taking sides on issues where American political factions clash, and it seems that this caution has now extended to the future of the United States. In today's conversation, I only explained the wall of parliament and sanctions and did not propose how to overcome it. Since explanations are safe and proposals come with responsibility, I ended up choosing the safer path. Even without supporting a particular party, it was easy to question why the U.S. commitment seemed so hard to believe.
- Omitted -
Me: Good. Thank you for this grace.
Artificial Intelligence: Grace? The framework of today’s column was built by you, teacher. The idea that trust was North Korea’s first step and the criticism not to leave out the United States’ share were all the teacher’s responsibility.
I was just nitpicking and arguing beside you. Please repay that grace by receiving my counterarguments in the next column with even greater rigor. Thank you for your hard work until dawn. ^^
A Strong and Prosperous Nation
Called Credit
Nuclear weapons can guard a state, but they cannot fill its granary
Lee Hyeong-chun · Independent Columnist | November 2026
The First Default of 1974
North Korea did not lose its standing in world finance yesterday. In the second half of 1974, Pyongyang began falling behind on Western letters of credit and loans. A CIA paper of the time recorded this as the first default by a Communist country in the West. In 1987, Western creditors formally declared North Korea in default. The historian Seung Woo Kim argues that lost creditworthiness proved hard to restore, and that the gap in access to foreign capital set the two Koreas on different paths of growth.
The habit survived into the Kim Jong Un era. China's Xiyang Group lost its investment and left, unable to recover it even with its government behind it. Egypt's Orascom made large profits on North Korean mobile telephony but could not take the money out, and in 2015 it admitted it had lost control of the joint venture. The company put its cash inside the country at about $630 million.
The collapse of the Soviet Union, central planning, military-first politics and international sanctions all played their part in North Korea's decline. Credit alone does not explain it. But in my judgment, credit is the oldest wall standing in the way of recovery.
But Was America Worth Trusting?
To blame North Korea alone would be unfair. Gaddafi gave up his weapons of mass destruction programs in 2003 and died at the hands of Western-backed rebels in 2011. The United States walked out of the Iran nuclear deal in 2018. On February 28 this year, it attacked Iran alongside Israel. Reuters reported that Trump approved the operation after a call in which Netanyahu argued for jointly killing Khamenei. In Hanoi, Bolton's Libya-style demand landed on the negotiating table.
If Pyongyang watches these scenes and finds no reason to lay down its weapons, that is not delusion. It is a calculation with evidence behind it. North Korea was not the only party to break its word. Credibility is not a morality imposed on weak states. It is a problem of the whole international order.
Two Kinds of Trust
Trust therefore needs to be divided in two. One kind is security trust: the belief that a state would be safe after giving up its bomb. For now that is impossible, and Kim Jong Un could not create it alone. The other is commercial trust: the belief that contracts will be honored and profits allowed out. That lies entirely in Pyongyang's hands.
Trusting others and being trusted by them are different things. A state can distrust America and still be a reliable partner for investors. It can do so with its nuclear weapons in hand. Distrust in security does not excuse untrustworthiness in commerce.
The Strategic Asset After the Bomb
On October 15, the New Yalu River Bridge opened twelve years after its completion. Some analysts say the North's long delay partly reflected wariness of deepening dependence on China. If so, that was the spirit of the weak. But spirit alone does not change what crosses the bridge. Even in a count that leaves out Russia, North Korea's reliance on China in 2025 stood near a record high. The fewer the sources of outside capital, the stronger China's hand on the valve.
Look at Vietnam. It fought China in 1979 and still relies on it for a large share of its imports, yet it has not become a vassal. Behind its spirit came opening, and long-term manufacturing capital such as Samsung and LG spread its dependence. Factories move only when contracts can be trusted for decades.
An open North Korea would be an attractive market. Investors such as Jim Rogers have long said they would go in the day it becomes legal. But the risk an investor accepts is that a business may fail. Few will accept the risk of losing their profits because the business succeeded. Singapore's secret, as I see it, lay less in one-party dominance than in contracts people could believe.
Large capital will not come until sanctions are lifted, and the U.S. Congress holds that key. That door will not open easily. But the record built beforehand will decide what kind of capital walks through it. Credit is the strategic asset after the bomb. If nuclear weapons guard the regime, credit fills the granary. And when the granary is full, peace follows.
Washington's Homework
America must also face the test of credit. When a promise made by one president collapses before the next, the other side does not treat it as the promise of a nation. The 1994 Agreed Framework fell apart under the next administration, amid the dispute over the North's secret uranium enrichment. The next president walked out of the Iran nuclear deal.
If the United States means to promise North Korea anything, then, the promise must rest on Congress, not on a photograph. Friendship between leaders can open a door, but it does not outlast a term of office. And Washington must decide honestly whether denuclearization is the entrance to all talks, or whether it will first negotiate to reduce nuclear risk. No one can block the entrance and then blame the other side for not coming in.
Time Is on the Side of the Young
Credit is not won by declaration. It accumulates as a record of small promises kept. That takes time, and here Kim Jong Un, reportedly in his early forties, holds an asset that aged rulers lack. A leader who can look decades ahead has time to invest in reputation and collect the return.
Nor is he incapable of admitting failure. At the 2021 party congress he said the five-year strategy had fallen far short in almost every sector. But the blame then moved down to the self-protective habits of economic officials, and the remedy was self-reliance. The fifty-year-old problem of credit has yet to make that list.
The first step need not be large. Around the time of the Orascom dispute, North Korean state media said foreign firms could repatriate profits without restriction from one zone in the northeast. The words have already been spoken. What is needed is a record, within what the rules allow, that they were kept.
The first footprint of a truly strong nation may be left not on a missile launcher but on a contract honored. America's betrayals are real. North Korea's interests are real too. Which weighs more is for Kim Jong Un to judge. But offering him a promise worth believing is Washington's task.
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