When I was a young man, I voluntarily watched religious groups because I was curious about why people were convinced that ideologies and invisible things were not visible. When I saw a strange, if pure, human image there, I concluded that politics (ideology), religion, and fraud had something in common with imagination. Later, an ideological, religious, and even fraudulent president appeared and created a rich story for me.
Even after all these years, some politicians and everyday citizens seem to waste their abundant imagination. In reality, however, Korea's practical imagination is growing stronger and cutting-edge fields such as science and technology are developing, which are driving Korea's economic development.
I consistently knew that Korea has the most fraudulent crimes in the world, and I thought that politics, religion, and genuine fraud became the trinity and led the statistics. And I discussed it with AI, which refutes that fraudulent crimes are the most among 'crimes in Korea'. And it teaches me to avoid camp logic if my writing is going to be convincing. If artificial intelligence hadn't taught me, I would have defamed someone or a group. In any case, it is true that fraud is prevalent in Korea.
Verification-Exempt Conviction: A Hypothesis on Why Fraud Dominates a Society's Crime Profile
How legal knowledge, religious conviction, and ideological conviction combine into a rhetorical structure — and why empirical realism is the antidote
Lee Hyeong-chun
Abstract
This paper offers a fresh angle on a familiar fact: in South Korea, fraud accounts for the largest share of criminal offenses, more than any other crime category. The explanations usually given — a legal culture where filing a criminal complaint is unusually easy, or sentencing that grows lighter as the amount defrauded grows larger — explain why fraud shows up so heavily in the statistics, but not why the fraud actually works on people. This paper argues that when three resources — socio-technical literacy in law and tax code, religious conviction, and ideological conviction — combine within a single person or group, they produce a distinctive rhetorical mode that earns trust without ever submitting to verification. The paper names this verification-exempt conviction, lays out how it operates, proposes a line that separates it from ordinary belief, and recommends the late-Joseon Silhak principle of practical learning grounded in verified fact as a remedy.
Keywords: fraud, verification-exempt conviction, socio-technical literacy, religious conviction, ideological conviction, empirical realism
1. Introduction: what the statistics leave out
Fraud is the single most common crime in South Korea. Theft has declined over time; fraud has not — it has grown. Looking across all criminal offenses, fraud takes up a larger share than any other category. This has produced a familiar but sweeping claim: that Korea is somehow the world's leading nation for fraud. That international comparison rarely holds up — the sourcing is usually unclear or unverifiable. So let's stick to what's solid: within Korea's own crime statistics, fraud overwhelmingly outpaces every other offense. That much is simply true.
Why, though? The usual answer points to institutions. Filing a criminal complaint in Korea is far easier than in the US or Japan, where police are often reluctant to take on what amount to private debt disputes. In Korea, by contrast, criminal fraud charges absorb cases that elsewhere would stay in civil court. On top of that, sentencing has an odd shape: the larger the amount defrauded, the lighter the average sentence tends to be. All of this is true and all of it matters. But something is missing. A loophole existing is not the same as someone being able to walk through it and convince hundreds or thousands of people. Where does that persuasive power come from? That question rarely gets asked, let alone answered.
This paper is an attempt to answer it.
2. Where three resources meet
The starting point is this: Korean society holds an unusually rich supply of resources that sit close to fraud's territory. Three in particular stand out.
The first is socio-technical literacy — fluency in law, tax code, real estate registration. Nothing about this knowledge is inherently bad; it resolves disputes and makes transactions safer. The second is religious conviction, which in its ordinary form gives people meaning and comfort. The third is ideological conviction, which in its ordinary form organizes people for collective political action.
The trouble starts when all three combine within one person, or one group. The data bears this out: among professional categories, clergy show the largest volume of white-collar offenses — fraud, embezzlement, forgery — and within that category, fraud itself dominates. And among politicians with legal training, a subset — particularly those carrying strong religious or ideological conviction — tend to present unverified, declarative narratives wrapped in legal-sounding language. The point is not to call these people fraudsters. The point is that the structure of what they say resembles the structure fraud uses.
3. Naming verification-exempt conviction
What politicians, clergy, and fraudsters share is often described as “rich imagination.” That description misses the mark. A novelist also has rich imagination, but a novelist announces the fiction up front and asks nothing of the reader's trust. What politicians, clergy, and fraudsters do is different: they insist their claims are fact, truth, or guaranteed return — while quietly sidestepping any attempt to verify them.
Call this verification-exempt conviction. It operates through two mechanisms. The first is speaking with flat certainty about a future or a transcendent realm that cannot, by definition, be checked right now. The second is locating the listener's exact anxiety or want, and converting that conviction directly into trust. Put these two together, and you get speech that moves people without ever being tested.
4. Where the line actually falls
Here caution is needed. The line between ordinary belief and fraud-adjacent conviction is not sharp, because both run on verification-exempt conviction. A campaign promise and a religious teaching both, by nature, make claims about a future or a transcendent realm that cannot be checked on the spot. So “making unverifiable claims” alone cannot separate ordinary belief from fraud.
A different test is needed. Here is mine: ordinary belief does not block the attempt to verify it. A politician who speaks confidently about a policy's effects still accepts being judged at the next election. A cleric who speaks of divine will still accepts denominational oversight and theological debate. The drift toward fraud happens somewhere else — at the moment rhetoric like “doubting now is betrayal,” “this is revelation and cannot be proven,” or “miss this and the chance is gone forever” appears, structurally shutting down the very attempt to verify.
Read this way, proximity to fraud should not be judged by someone's political camp or profession, but by the structure of what they say. Speech that denies the listener time to doubt. Speech that frames doubt itself as betrayal. Speech that sanctifies its own claim, removing it from debate entirely. The moment any one of these three appears, conviction has left the territory of ordinary belief and entered fraud's grammar.
5. When elite rhetoric spreads through society
If this rhetoric stayed confined to individual deviance, it might not be a large problem. But when the people using it are legal, religious, and political elites, the picture changes. When someone in a position of social authority repeats rhetoric that forecloses verification, that rhetoric itself starts to look legitimate. Ordinary citizens learn, simply by watching, to accept unverified conviction without questioning it.
This, I think, is the cultural backdrop behind fraud's prevalence across the whole society. The institutional loopholes — easy complaint-filing, light sentencing — set the stage on which this rhetoric can perform freely. And elite verification-exempt conviction turns that performance into a template: this is apparently how one is allowed to speak. Stage and template together produce an environment where fraud does not shrink but grows.
6. Returning to empirical realism
So what is to be done? I don't think a new answer needs to be invented. The late-Joseon Silhak scholars already gave one: sasagusi (実事求是), practical learning grounded in verified fact — seeking what is right by grounding it in what is actually so. That principle was originally a method for individual scholarship, though. To use it as a remedy for a fraud-saturated society, one more step is needed: extending what was once a personal scholarly discipline into a civic habit — a habit, shared by the whole public, of verifying public speech.
Refusing to accept a politician's promise, a cleric's revelation, or an expert's legal argument on authority alone, and instead asking once more for fact and evidence — this is, I think, the most realistic response available in an age of verification-exempt conviction. Catching individual fraudsters one at a time is not enough. What needs to change is the structure itself: the one that lets conviction exempted from verification pass as authority.
7. Conclusion
The hypothesis offered here still needs refinement. In particular, how strongly the combination of legal knowledge, religious conviction, and ideological conviction actually correlates with fraud is something that calls for more rigorous statistical work. It is also worth remembering that this test should be applied evenly, regardless of political camp. Still, the central point of this paper stands: institutions explain why fraud shows up so heavily in the statistics, but the structure of rhetoric explains why fraud actually works on people. And the best tool for telling the two apart remains sasagusi — the habit of asking for the facts.
References
Kookmin Ilbo. (2022). “Clergy showed the highest rates of white-collar and violent crime.”
The Fact. (2023). “[Fact Check] Amid the jeonse fraud and stock manipulation turmoil — does Korea really rank first among OECD countries in fraud?”
Namu Wiki. “Fraud Republic” entry.
Korean Journal of Police Studies. “An Analysis of Religious Crime in Korea: Patterns and Psychology.”
Hankyung. (2024). “Fraud crime rate highest among those in their 20s, South Korea.”
